Furthermore, electrochemical biosensors produced employing different nanomaterials can augment specificity and sensitivity to identify leukemia-related genes, such as BCR/ABL (a fusion gene of chronic myeloid leukemia) or PML/RARα (the promyelocytic leukemia/retinoic acid receptor alpha useful for the diagnosis of promyelocytic leukemia). The gene discussed is PML; the disease is leukemia.