MTOR and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: During obesity-related hepatocarcinogenesis, adipokines secretion is dysregulated, including the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 1 (Nrf-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/Akt, and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathways [164].