HSP70 levels between AF patients and the healthy population did not differ significantly, according to a study by Jelena Kornej et al. The researchers included 67 patients with AF in this study and used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the circulating levels of HSP70 and HSP70 antibodies before and after catheter ablation, respectively. The gene discussed is HSPA1A; the disease is atrial fibrillation.