In addition, in a retrospective case-control epigenomic study, two serum epigenetic biomarkers, namely cg02873163 and cg11343894 in S100A13, were used to stratify patients who developed DR with a DM duration of <3 years and those without DR for more than 30 years after being diagnosed with DM [81]. Here, S100A13 is linked to diabetes mellitus.