ISG15 and infection: For instance, ONNV MOI 10−1 upregulated RIG-I mRNA levels in SC up to a 104-fold increase (8.41 × 10−2 ± 3.05 × 10−2, p < 0.001), MDA5 expression levels up to a 38-fold increase (6.99 × 10−3 ± 4.86 × 10−3, p < 0.01), IFN-β up to a 234-fold increase (5.8 × 10−3 ± 1.17 × 10−3, p < 0.05), and ISG15 up to 16-fold increase (1.61 ± 1.01, p < 0.0001) at 24 h post infection.