In a comparison of 29 BS-COPD female subjects, 24 BS-exposed women without COPD (BS-CTRL), 23 CS-COPD male patients, and 22 male smokers without COPD (CS-CTRL), the chemokines CCL15, CCL27, and CXCL13 were significantly lower in the BS-COPD (vs BS-CTRL) whereas the chemokines CCL1, CCL7, CCL15, CCL17, CCL19, CXCL2, IFNγ, and MIF were significantly different between the CS-COPD and CS-CONTROL [144]. Here, CCL1 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.