ISM1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Moreover, a critical role of ISM1-csGRP78 signalling is reported in lung homeostasis by controlling alveolar macrophage (AM) number and function, whereas the association between ISM1 and COPD pathogenesis in mice was observed as rISM1 delivery suppressed inflammation, attenuated emphysema, and preserved lung function by specifically targeting csGRP78 on stress-activated csGRP78high AMs in CS-induced COPD mice [77].