IGF1R and neoplasm: The genetic assessment also permits to exclude conditions associated with short stature for which rhGH treatment is contraindicated, such as chromosomal instability and DNA repair defects syndromes due to the risk of neoplasia (e.g., Bloom syndrome, Nijmegen syndrome), debatable (e.g., neurofibromatosis type1), or where higher doses are needed for an appropriate growth response (e.g., IGF1R haploinsufficiency, SHOX haploinsufficiency).