TNF and cancer: In cluster A, the activities of the KRAS signaling pathway mediated up-regulated/down-regulated gene set, IL2/STAT5 signaling pathway, TNF-α signaling pathway via NF-κB, and immune-related pathways, such as coagulation and complement cascade, and the inflammatory response were highly enriched (Fig. 3B), which mainly activates more cell signaling, leading to the continuous release of signals in the pro-cancer pathway.