The proteins associated with immune signal pathways that drive the release of inflammatory factors, such as JAK-STAT signaling after interleukin (IL)-12 stimulation (PITPNA, CDC42, RAP1B, CFL1, RPLP0, SNRPA1, SOD2, RALA, PPIA), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (HMGB1, APOD) production were upregulated in the COVID-19 brains (Fig. 1i). Here, RAP1B is linked to COVID-19.