Therefore, it is expectable that high variation in intakes of the above-mentioned dietary factors can play an essential role in the risk of chronic diseases such as CKD through the effect on systemic inflammation; e.g., previous investigations have suggested that higher intakes of fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain or their bioactive compounds are associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers (such as CRP and ILs) [28–30], and were inversely associated with kidney dysfunction [31]. Here, CRP is linked to chronic kidney disease.