On the other hand, FKN infusion or overexpression specifically in the CNS has been shown to have beneficial effects in normal healthy mice as well as rodent models of stress, stroke, schizophrenia, synucleinopathy, as well as Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases (Watson et al., 2021, and reviewed in Watson et al., 2020). Here, CX3CL1 is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.