Our single-cell transcriptomics enable delineation of MΦ phenotypes in granulomas and infected tissues during persistent intracellular bacterial infection that have not been defined, such as the bone marrow–derived VCAM-1+ granuloma MΦ population (Fig. 2) and ACE+ granuloma MΦ population (Fig. 3). Here, VCAM1 is linked to bacterial infectious disease.