AKT1 and Parkinson disease: Additionally, the neuroprotective effects of curcumin for paraquat-induced PD model fibroblasts [145], rotenone-induced PD model [146], 6-OHDA-lesioned rat PD model, and PC12 cells [147] prevent mitochondrial dysfunction, alleviating oxidative stress, inhibiting AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and reducing lipoperoxidation [148].