TGFB1 and neoplasm: Interestingly, TGF-β signaling exerts a complex and even paradoxical function in cancer scenario depending on the developmental stage of tumor: TGF-β signaling functions as a tumor suppressor to inhibit cell growth in early stages; whereas in later stages, TGF-β signaling plays an oncogenic role in promoting invasion and metastasis of tumor cells (Pickup et al. 2013).