KNG1 and alkaline phosphatase measurement: Many years ago, Ryan, Moffat and Thompson from Montreal General Hospital proposed that BK could play an important role in the development of AP.102 They showed that induction of AP in dogs was associated with a major loss of bradykininogen and generation of BK.102 An increased plasma BK level in AP was confirmed many years later103 and it was also shown that pharmacological blockade of BK type 2 receptors (the receptors responsible for the BK-elicited Ca2+ signals in the stellate cells97) inhibited the development of the cellular changes that are characteristic for AP.103