TSC1 and epilepsy: Interestingly, GFAP-Cre-mediated astrocyte-specific Tsc1 homogenous knockout mice exhibited epileptic seizures (Uhlmann et al., 2002; Wong et al., 2003), suggesting that the dysregulation of glutamate and potassium transporters in Tsc1 knockout astrocytes increased the excitability of the neurons and decreased the seizure threshold to induce epilepsy.