TSC1 and epilepsy: Originally, heterozygous Tsc1 or Tsc2 knockout (Tsc1± or Tsc2±) mice showed no seizure episodes (Onda et al., 1999; Kobayashi et al., 2001), and only one report showed that approximately half of Tsc1± mice showed spontaneously transient characteristics of epilepsy (Gataullina et al., 2016).