IL4 and food allergy: Because the mechanisms of eosinophilic infiltration have been distinguished from adaptive immunity through IgE-crosslinked mast cell (MC) activation to allergens and innate immunity through Group-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) to a parasite response (7–9), we investigated MCs producing interleukin-4 (IL-4) and specific granules (chymase and/or tryptase), angiotensin II (Ang II) and/or protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2)-expressing periendothelium fibroblasts, and eotaxine-1-producing cells (endothelium cells, fibroblasts, etc.)in relation with food allergy or bovine fascioliasis.