Specifically, succinate is enriched in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or IFN-γ-treated macrophages and contribute to IL-1β transcription towards the M1 phenotype by stabilizing HIF1α as a result of PKM2 K311 succinylation, and SIRT5 prevents dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis by restoring PKM2 activity in a mouse model (68–70). This evidence concerns the gene PKM and colitis.