In a previous study, the authors demonstrated that an oncolytic vaccinia virus (vvDD-CXCL11) markedly upregulated programmed cell death protein ligand-1 (PD-L1) in the TME, synergizing with anti-PD-L1 treatment to lead to over a 40% cure rate in models of aggressive peritoneal carcinomatosis from colon and ovarian cancers [15]. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and ovarian carcinoma.