In clinical trials, neoantigen-specific CTLs activated by nanodisc vaccines are 31 times more frequencies than the strongest adjuvant and up to 47 times more than soluble vaccines.330 The formulation of SNP-7/8a derived from charge-modified peptide-TLR-7/8a can effectively activate specific CD8+ T lymphocytes against 50% of neoantigens with high predicted MHC-I affinity binding, thereby enhancing anti-tumor efficacy.331 Collectively, a generic approach can be utilized to improve the anti-tumor immune response of personalized peptide vaccines. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.