PCDH8 and infection: This study also sought to identify genes indicative of avian pathogenic E. coli. As described by Johnson et al. (2008a), there are genes that can be indicative of APEC, and isolates must have at least 3 of the following 9 genes to be considered APEC-like: cvaC, iroN, ompTp, hlyF, etsB, iss, aerJ, ireA, or papC. As a plasmid of interest, ColV is thought to assist APEC strains in infection (Barbieri et al., 2013).