Defects in the CARD9 pathway have been found predisposing to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis [28] and disseminated aspergillosis [29], while polymorphisms in a number of cytokines have also been found to predispose to fungal disease: aspergillosis (IL-1 [30], IL-10 [31,32], IL-15 [32], and IL-23); candidiasis (IL-4) [33,34]; paracoccidioidomycosis (IL-4) [35]; and blastomycosis (IL-6) [36]. The gene discussed is IL4; the disease is blastomycosis.