A relatively recent and very ambitious study on the use of anatomically‐shaped silk scaffolds for the regeneration of the AF was conducted by Costa et al.221Therefore, a reverse engineering approach was followed in which a human patient was subjected to an MRI scan and then, based on the segmented morphologic scan of the L1‐L2 IVD, a 3D model of the AF's ultrastructure was printed with a bioink made of SF and elastin. This evidence concerns the gene ELN and atrial fibrillation.