TNF and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: CIAP/XIAP can inhibit cell death mediated by the mitochondrial and caspase-3 pathways, while the IAP1/XIAP antagonist ASTX660 can increase the sensitivity of HNSCC cells to TNF-α and TRAIL by promoting the expression of TP53 protein and induce necrotic apoptosis of HPV (-) cells by the cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-8 [201, 202].