CD274 and cancer: With the recent success of cancer immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoints such as programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1; also known as B7 homologs 1 [B7-H1]) [2, 3], anti-PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab is currently being investigated as a potential neoadjuvant therapy for UTUC [4].