TNF and Obesity: Studies conducted by Martínez-Reyes et al.43 also identified a positive correlation between IL-13 and TNF-α (r = 0.29, p = 0.066), but a negative one between IL-13 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (r = − 0.39, p = 0.047), so the role of IL-13 in the development of inflammation in people with obesity and insulin resistance still requires further research.