GNAQ and cutaneous melanoma: In particular, hot spot mutations in GNAQ and GNA11, referred to as GNAQ oncogenes, encoding GTPase-deficient and constitutively active Gαq proteins, have been identified in ∼93% of uveal melanoma (UM) and 4% of skin cutaneous melanoma, where they act as driver oncogenes (6, 7, 8, 9, 10).