TGFB1 and gastric ulcer: KFX was found to ameliorate chronic inflammation-induced intestinal fibrosis by regulating TGF-β1/Smad signaling and, more specifically, by reducing TGF-β1, Smad2/3, and phospho-Smad2/3 while promoting Smad7.[114] Abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts is a feature of the pathological scars in gastric ulcers.