TTF1 and liver cancer: Xiao B et al found that small-molecule TTF1 nanoparticles (TTF1-NPs) increased the expression of other ERS-related signaling molecules (PERK, IREα, and ATF6) and apoptosis mediators (JNK, p-JNK, and CHOP) in TTF1-NP-treated HepG2 cells, which show that TTF1-NP-induced apoptosis is at least in part mediated by the ERS pathway.[17] However, it is important to note that some other studies found some TCM treatment in liver cancer that will kill the tumor by inhibiting ERS.