Xiao B et al found that small-molecule TTF1 nanoparticles (TTF1-NPs) increased the expression of other ERS-related signaling molecules (PERK, IREα, and ATF6) and apoptosis mediators (JNK, p-JNK, and CHOP) in TTF1-NP-treated HepG2 cells, which show that TTF1-NP-induced apoptosis is at least in part mediated by the ERS pathway.[17] However, it is important to note that some other studies found some TCM treatment in liver cancer that will kill the tumor by inhibiting ERS. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK8 and liver cancer.