VEGFD and endothelial dysfunction: Endothelial dysfunction is a key factor in dengue pathology and different endothelial markers were upregulated, including endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 (ESM1; also known as endocan), cysteine rich transmembrane BMP regulator 1 (CRIM1), which is involved in endothelial maintenance and integrity [29], and vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGFD).