M1 macrophages are induced by exposure to proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ and TNF-α), which, in turn, eliminate tumor cells by producing inflammatory factors, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-23 (19, 47). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.