ESM1 and cancer: Moreover, recent studies have pointed out that ectopically high levels of ESM1 are observed in multiple cancer types, such as HCC 16, BRCA 20, ESCC 15, PRCA 18, colorectal cancer (CRC) 36, bladder cancer (BCA) 37, HNSC 38, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 39, LUAD 17 and gastric cancer 40.