CAT and Cognitive impairment: These results indicate that different extracts of P. oleracea and its compounds might be promising agents in treating and managing cognitive impairments and aging through different mechanisms including antioxidant (scavenging free radicals, decreasing ROS generation and MDA amount as well as increasing SOD, CAT, GR, and GPx levels in the brain), anti-inflammatory (attenuating hippocampal TNF-α level), and anticholinesterase (reducing AChE activity in the brain) effects.