TNF and myocardial infarction: Following WWP1 overexpression, increased pro-inflammatory factors in cardiomyocytes, including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, are established targets of NF-κB transcriptional signaling pathway involved in the inflammatory response 31, suggesting a possible involvement of NF-κB activation in WWP1-induced cardiomyocyte inflammation after MI.