INS and Hypoglycemia: The results showed that insulin-exposed neonates had a higher incidence of hypoglycemia than metformin-exposed neonates (RR 0.65; 95% CI 0.52, 0.81; I2 = 22%; p = 0.0001) and that metformin lowered the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia by 45% compared with the insulin-exposed group (Fig. 5B).