CD4 and cancer: A phase I study of vaccination with NY-ESO-1f peptide combined with Picibanil OK-432 and Montanide ISA-51 in patients with cancers expressing the NY-ESO-1 antigen enrolled six patients with EC and observed an increase in NY-ESO-1 antibody response and CD4 and CD8 T cell response in nine of ten patients (59), indicating the importance of dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines.