TGFB1 and small cell lung carcinoma: The GSEA results indicated that in the Local-SCLC cohort, pathways such as mitotic cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, phagocytosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis were all significantly upregulated in the TGFB-HIGH group (p < 0.05, ES > 0, Figure 7(a), Supplementary Figure 5A-B), while DNA repair, DNA replication regulation, and the notch signaling pathway were significantly downregulated in the TGFB-HIGH group (p < 0.05, ES < 0, Figure 7(b)).