Dong’s team recently published findings that EVs of F. nucleatum could promote the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and down-regulate the expression of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10) and tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) in IECs by down-regulating the expression of miR-574-5p to promote the activation of autophagy, leading to barrier dysfunction and worsen DSS-induced colitis in mice (Wei et al., 2022). Here, IL1B is linked to colitis.