Obesity can induce activation of IKKβ, leading to nuclear translocation of NF-κB and, as a result, the production of various inflammatory markers and potential mediators, and obesity can also co-promote phosphorylation of IRS1 at serine sites (ser302 and ser307) through JNK activation, which together leads to the development of IR (74). Here, NFKB1 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.