Moreover, the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor that not only negatively regulates the oncogenic PI3K/Akt pathway to suppress cancer development but also, non-canonical pathways like those involving ERK1/2 (Bouali et al., 2009; Chetram et al., 2011). Here, MAPK3 is linked to cancer.