This is consistent with the observed alterations in many insulin signaling molecules in AD brains (Griffin et al., 2005; Rivera et al., 2005; Steen et al., 2005; Ma et al., 2009; Akhtar and Sah, 2020), and with memory improvements after the selective elevation of forebrain insulin via intranasal administration in subjects at high risk for AD (Craft, 2005; Reger et al., 2008). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Alzheimer disease.