PPARD and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Li et al. (2013) demonstrated that TRPV1 activation by dietary capsaicin upregulated PPAR-δ and hepatic hormone-sensitive lipase, thus promoting hepatic lipolysis without affecting lipogenesis. It was also found that TRPV1 activation prevented NAFLD through PPAR-δ-dependent autophagy enhancement in mice. Similarly, chronic dietary TRPV1 activation by capsaicin induced PPAR-δ expression to attenuate chronic high-salt-induced cardiac hypertrophy (Gao et al., 2014).