IL1B and Menkes disease: A study reported that compared to healthy controls, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL1-receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and IL-6 released by peripheral blood mononuclear cells are elevated in 24 of 113 patients (20%) with MD (Frejo et al., 2018).