PDX1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: PDX1 is also linked to diabetes pathogenesis; in type 1 diabetes (T1D) PDX1 autoantibodies have been detected, while in type 2 diabetes (T2D), PDX1 expression levels are compromised (Li et al., 2010; Guo et al., 2013; Abreu et al., 2021).