In models restricted to PLWH and adjusted for either current CD4 count (model 1) or current CD4/CD8 ratio (model 2), diabetes mellitus, current smoking, higher IL-6 level, and frailty were associated with high PAA (Table 4) after adjusting for types of antiretrovirals (NNRTI, PI and others) and duration of ART. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is diabetes mellitus.