In models restricted to PLWH and adjusted for either current CD4 count (model 1) or current CD4/CD8 ratio (model 2), diabetes mellitus, current smoking, higher IL-6 level, and frailty were associated with high PAA (Table 4) after adjusting for types of antiretrovirals (NNRTI, PI and others) and duration of ART. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and diabetes mellitus.