IRF7 and infection: Surprisingly, this patient’s adaptive responses (as measured through B and T cell responses to infection) were normal, suggesting that the life-threatening disease was caused by a blunting of the innate response due to the mutations in the two copies of IRF7. In the case of COVID-19, 3.5% of patients with life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia in one study had genetic defects in TLR-3 and IRF7-dependent signaling pathways of IFN-I [170].