However, upon stimulation with the superantigen Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), our positive control, PBMCs from patients with IBD on ustekinumab therapy have a significantly lower proportion of both CD4+CD3+IL-17+ and CD3+CD4+TNFα+ T cells compared to baseline (Fig 6), suggesting that the therapy leads to a general decrease in cellular response. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.