NPY and cancer: NPY is a major co-transmitter in the sympathoadrenal system, released by nerve fibres that connect the cancer cell population with the neuroimmune–vascular environment by modulation of nutritional and inflammatory milieu (Zukowska-Grojec et al. 1998; Hansel et al. 2001; Tilan et al. 2013, 2015; Tan et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2021).