Five studies (Jansen et al., 2017; Claxton et al., 2018; Navarro et al., 2020; Tan et al., 2021; Tan et al., 2022) assessed the cost-effectiveness of JAK-i compared to csDMARD/bDMARDs as the third-line treatment for RA patients who showed an inadequate response to TNF-a-i following csDMARD failure. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and rheumatoid arthritis.