Thirteen studies (Lee et al., 2015; Claxton et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2019; Muszbek et al., 2019; Schlueter et al., 2019; Navarro et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2020; Van De Laar et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021a; Fatemi et al., 2021; Ha et al., 2021; Tan et al., 2021; Kuwana et al., 2022), assessed the cost-effectiveness of JAK-i versus csDMARDs (n = 2), TNF-a-i (n = 10) or IL-6-i (n = 1) as the second-line treatment for csDMARD failed RA patients. Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.