TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: JAK-i was compared to csDMARD/bDMARDs as the third-line treatment for RA patients who showed an inadequate response to TNF-a-i following csDMARD failure in five studies (Jansen et al., 2017; Claxton et al., 2018; Navarro et al., 2020; Tan et al., 2021; Tan et al., 2022).